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1 machinery-building industry
см. machine industryEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > machinery-building industry
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2 industry
n1) промышленность, индустрия
- advertising industry
- agricultural industry
- agricultural processing industry
- aircraft industry
- allied industries
- armament industry
- artisan industry
- automobile industry
- automotive industry
- auxiliary industry
- aviation industry
- basic industry
- building industry
- capital goods industry
- capital-intensive industry
- catering industry
- chemical industry
- clothing industry
- coal industry
- construction industry
- construction materials producing industry
- consumer goods industry
- continuous process industries
- cottage industry
- dairy industry
- defence industry
- discretionary purchase industry
- diversified industry
- domestic industry
- durable goods manufacturing industry
- electronic industry
- engineering industry
- extraction industry
- extractive industry
- fabricating industries
- fast-growing industry
- financial services industry
- fish industry
- food industry
- food canning industry
- food processing industry
- forest industry
- foundry industry
- fuel-producing industries
- gas industry
- handicraft industry
- heavy industry
- highly developed industry
- high-tech industry
- high-technology industry
- home industry
- infant industry
- insurance industry
- investment industry
- investment goods industry
- iron industry
- key industry
- labour-intensive industry
- large-scale industry
- leisure industry
- leather goods industry
- light industry
- linked industry
- livestock industry
- local industry
- machine industry
- machinery-building industry
- machinery-producing industry
- machine-tool industry
- manufacturing industry
- metallurgical industry
- metallurgy industry
- metal processing industry
- metal working industry
- mineral industry
- mining industry
- motor industry
- munitions industry
- nationalized industry
- native industry
- noncommodity domestic industries
- nondurable industries
- nondurable goods manufacturing industries
- nonmanufacturing industries
- nuclear industry
- oil industry
- oil extraction industry
- oil processing industry
- packaging industry
- petrochemical industry
- petroleum industry
- petroleum-refining industry
- petty industry
- pharmaceutical industry
- pottery industry
- poultry industry
- power industry
- primary industry
- private industry
- privatised industry
- process industry
- processing industry
- producer goods industry
- public industries
- public utility industries
- publishing industry
- raw materials industry
- regional industry
- related industry
- rural industry
- sagging industry
- seasonal industry
- secondary industry
- service industries
- sheltered industry
- shipbuilding industry
- shiprepairing industry
- small industry
- small-scale industry
- stagnant industry
- state industry
- steel industry
- sunrise industries
- sunset industries
- supply industry
- tertiary industries
- textile industry
- timber industry
- tool-making industry
- tourism industry
- trade industry
- transport industry
- transportation industry
- travel industry
- truck industry
- weaving industry
- wine industry
- wood industry
- woodwork and timber industry
- develop industry
- protect home industry
- expand industry
- reorganize industry
- streamline industryEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > industry
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3 industry
1) индустрия; промышленность3) производство•- dairy and meat industry - domestic industry - electrochemical industry - home industry - import-saving industry - iron and steel industry - iron-mining industry - leather and foot-wear industry -
4 industry
2) отрасль промышленности; отрасль производства•- automation industry
- automotive industry
- bearing industry
- CAD industry
- CAE industry
- diemaking industry
- discrete industry
- discrete parts industry
- EDA industry
- electronic-design-automation industry
- electronics manufacturing industry
- engineering industry
- fastener industry
- gear industry
- goods industry
- heavy engineering industry
- information industry
- instrument making industry
- iron-and-steel industry
- laser metal-working industry
- machine building industry
- machine industry
- machine-tool industry
- manufacturing industry
- materials processing industry
- mechanical engineering industry
- metal-based manufacturing industry
- metal-fabricating industry
- metal-goods industry
- metal-processing industry
- metalworking manufacturing industry
- micro-manufacturing industry
- mold industry
- motor industry
- power industry
- precision machinery industry
- process industry
- processing industry
- robot industry
- robotics industry
- sanitaryware industry
- sheetmetalworking industry
- shipbuilding industry
- shipping industry
- stock-holding industry
- tool-and-die industry
- tooling industry
- toolmaking industryEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > industry
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5 industry
1) промышленность
2) индустрия
3) отрасль промышленности
– aircraft industry
– an industry
– automotive industry
– baking industry
– brewing industry
– butter industry
– canning industry
– coal industry
– construction industry
– electronic industry
– flour-and-cereals industry
– food industry
– food-canning industry
– forest industry
– gas industry
– heavy industry
– industry standard
– light industry
– machine-building industry
– manufacturing industry
– metallurgy industry
– mining industry
– oil industry
– petrochemical industry
– refrigeration industry
– sea-hunting industry
– shipbuilding industry
– soap industry
– steel industry
– tailoring industry
– textile industry
agricultural machinery industry — сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
alcoholic beverage industry — ликерно-водочная промышленность
leather and foot-wear industry — кожевенно-обувная промышленность
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6 machinery
1) механизмы
2) машинное оборудование
3) машины
4) аппаратура
5) машинный
6) толирунд
– beaming machinery
– carding machinery
– cop winding machinery
– deck machinery
– main machinery
– material-working machinery
– picking machinery
– road-building machinery
– s.g. and machinery
– scrap machinery
– sizing machinery
– spinning machinery
– turning machinery
– winding machinery
– worsted machinery
agricultural machinery industry — сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
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7 building machinery and equipment industry
< econ> ■ Baumaschinenindustrie fEnglish-german technical dictionary > building machinery and equipment industry
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8 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
9 Renold, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 31 July 1852 Aarau, Switzerlandd. 2 May 1943 Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, England[br]Swiss (naturalized British 1881) mechanical engineer, inventor and pioneer of the precision chain industry.[br]Hans Renold was educated at the cantonal school of his native town and at the Polytechnic in Zurich. He worked in two or three small workshops during the polytechnic vacations and served an apprenticeship of eighteen months in an engineering works at Neuchâtel, Switzerland. After a short period of military service he found employment as a draughtsman in an engineering firm at Saint-Denis, near Paris, from 1871 to 1873. In 1873 Renold moved first to London and then to Manchester as a draughtsman and inspector with a firm of machinery exporters. From 1877 to 1879 he was a partner in his own firm of machine exporters. In 1879 he purchased a small firm in Salford making chain for the textile industry. At about this time J.K.Starley introduced the "safety" bicycle, which, however, lacked a satisfactory drive chain. Renold met this need with the invention of the bush roller chain, which he patented in 1880. The new chain formed the basis of the precision chain industry: the business expanded and new premises were acquired in Brook Street, Manchester, in 1881. In the same year Renold became a naturalized British subject.Continued expansion of the business necessitated the opening of a new factory in Brook Street in 1889. The factory was extended in 1895, but by 1906 more accommodation was needed and a site of 11 ½ acres was acquired in the Manchester suburb of Burnage: the move to the new building was finally completed in 1914. Over the years, further developments in the techniques of chain manufacture were made, including the invention in 1895 of the inverted tooth or silent chain. Renold made his first visit to America in 1891 to study machine-tool developments and designed for his own works special machine tools, including centreless grinding machines for dealing with wire rods up to 10 ft (3 m) in length.The business was established as a private limited company in 1903 and merged with the Coventry Chain Company Ltd in 1930. Good industrial relations were always of concern to Renold and he established a 48-hour week as early as 1896, in which year a works canteen was opened. Joint consultation with shop stewards date2 from 1917. Renold was elected a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1902 and in 1917 he was made a magistrate of the City of Manchester.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary DSc University of Manchester 1940.Further ReadingBasil H.Tripp, 1956, Renold Chains: A History of the Company and the Rise of the Precision Chain Industry 1879–1955, London.J.J.Guest, 1915, Grinding Machinery, London, pp. 289, 380 (describes grinding machines developed by Renold).RTS -
10 Polhem, Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751[br]Swedish engineer and inventor.[br]He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.[br]Bibliography1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).Further Reading1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.IMcN -
11 Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 23 November 1851 Plainville, Connecticut, USAd. 27 October 1942 Plainville, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool designer.[br]After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCity of Philadelphia, John Scott Medal 1925.BibliographyNorton was granted more than one hundred patents and was author of Principles of Cylindrical Grinding, 1917, 1921, Worcester, Mass.Further ReadingRobert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (contains biographical information and details of the machines designed by Norton).RTSBiographical history of technology > Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
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12 Roberts, Richard
[br]b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 11 March 1864 London, England[br]Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.Further ReadingThere is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.RTS -
13 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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14 Ewart, Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 14 May 1767 Traquair, near Peebles, Scotlandd. September 1842 London, England[br]Scottish pioneer in the mechanization of the textile industry.[br]Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1843, "Institution of Civil Engineers", Annual General Meeting, January. Obituary, 1843, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs (NS) 7. R.L.Hills, 1987–8, "Peter Ewart, 1767–1843", Manchester Literary and PhilosophicalSociety Memoirs 127.M.B.Rose, 1986, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill The Rise and Decline of a Family Firm, 1750–1914, Cambridge (covers E wart's involvement with Samuel Greg).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester; R.L.Hills, 1989, Powerfrom Steam, Cambridge (both look at Ewart's involvement with textiles and steam engines).RLH -
15 Pounder, Cuthbert Coulson
[br]b. 10 May 1891 Hartlepool, Englandd. 18 December 1982 Belfast (?), Northern Ireland[br]English marine engineer and exponent of the slow-speed diesel engine.[br]Pounder served an apprenticeship with Richardsons Westgarth, marine engineers in north east England. Shortly after, he moved to Harland \& Wolff of Belfast and there fulfilled his life's work. He rose to the rank of Director but is remembered for his outstanding leadership in producing the most advanced steam and diesel machinery installations of their time. Harland \& Wolff were the main licensees for the Burmeister \& Wain marine diesel system, and the Copenhagen company made most of the decisions on design; however, Pounder often found himself in the hot seat and once had the responsibility of concurring with the shipyard's decision to build three Atlantic liners with the largest diesel engines in the world, well beyond the accepted safe levels of extrapolation. With this, Belfast secured worldwide recognition as builders of diesel-driven liners. During the German occupation of Denmark (1940–5), the engineering department at Belfast worked on its own and through systematic research and experimentation built up a database of information that was invaluable in the postwar years.Pounder was instrumental in the development of airless injection diesel fuel pumps. He was a stalwart supporter of all research and development, and while at Belfast was involved in the building of twelve hundred power units. While in his twenties, Pounder began a literary career which continued for sixty years. The bulk of his books and papers were on engineering and arguably the best known is his work on marine diesel engines, which ran to many editions. He was Chairman of Pametrada, the marine engineering research council of Great Britain, and later of the machinery committee of the British Ship Research Association. He regarded good relations within the industry as a matter of paramount importance.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institute of Marine Engineers; Denny Gold Medal 1839, 1959. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Ackroyd Stewart Award; James Clay ton Award.Further ReadingMichael Moss and John R.Hume, 1986, Shipbuilders to the World, Belfast: Blackstaff.FMWBiographical history of technology > Pounder, Cuthbert Coulson
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16 машиностроение
ср. mechanical engineering;
machine-building, machinery construction;
engineering industry тяжелое машиностроение химическое машиностроениемашиностро|ение - с. mechanical engineering;
~ительный machine-building.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > машиностроение
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17 neglect
neglect [nɪˈglekt][+ person, animal] délaisser ; [+ garden, house, car, machinery] ne pas entretenir ; [+ rule, law, advice] ne tenir aucun compte de ; [+ duty, obligation, promise] manquer à ; [+ business, work, hobby, one's health] négliger ; [+ opportunity] laisser passer2. noun[of duty, obligation] manquement m (of à)• the building collapsed after years of neglect le bâtiment, à l'abandon depuis des années, s'est écroulé* * *[nɪ'glekt] 1.1) ( lack of care) ( of person) négligence f; (of building, garden equipment) manque m d'entretien; (of health, appearance) manque m de soin2) ( lack of interest) indifférence f (of à l'égard de)2.transitive verb1) ( fail to care for) ne pas s'occuper de [person, dog, plant]; ne pas entretenir [garden, house]; négliger [health, appearance]2) ( ignore) négliger [problem, friend, artist, subject, work]; se désintéresser de [industry, economy, sector]; ne pas tenir compte de [needs, wishes]; ignorer [offer, opportunity]3) ( fail)3. -
18 construction
1. n строительство, стройка; конструированиеconstruction industry — строительная промышленность, строительство
2. n конструкция, сооружение3. n постройка, здание4. n истолкование, объяснениеthe statement does not bear such a construction — это заявление не может быть истолковано подобным образом
5. n составление программы управления машиной6. n построение7. n составлениеprogram construction — составление программы; структура программы
8. n иск. работа в конструктивистском стилеСинонимический ряд:1. building (noun) building; creation; erecting; erection; fabricating; fabrication; making; manufacture; roadwork2. explanation (noun) clarification; construal; elucidation; exegesis; explanation; explication; expose; exposition; illumination; interpretation3. makeup (noun) architecture; composition; constitution; design; formation; makeup4. structure (noun) arrangement; build; disposition; form; organisation; organization; outline; plan; shape; structure -
19 Levers (Leavers), John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1812–21 Englandd. after 1821 Rouen, France[br]English improver of lace-making machines that formed the basis for many later developments.[br]John Heathcote had shown that it was possible to make lace by machine with his patents of 1808 and 1809. His machines were developed and improved by John Levers. Levers was originally a hosiery frame-smith and setter-up at Sutton-in-Ashfield but moved to Nottingham, where he extended his operations to the construction of point-net and warp-lace machinery. In the years 1812 and 1813 he more or less isolated himself in the garret of a house in Derby Road, where he assembled his lacemaking machine by himself. He was helped by two brothers and a nephew who made parts, but they saw it only when it was completed. Financial help for making production machines came from the firm of John Stevenson \& Skipwith, lace manufacturers in Nottingham. Levers never sought a patent, as he was under the mistaken impression that additions or improvements to an existing patented machine could not be protected. An early example of the machine survives at the Castle Museum in Nottingham. Although his prospects must have seemed good, for some reason Levers dissolved his partnership with Stevenson \& Co. and continued to work on improving his machine. In 1817 he altered it from the horizontal to the upright position, building many of the machines each year. He was a friendly, kind-hearted man, but he seems to have been unable to apply himself to his business, preferring the company of musicians—he was a bandmaster of the local militia—and was soon frequently without money, even to buy food for his family. He emigrated in 1821 to Rouen, France, where he set up his lace machines and where he subsequently died; when or in what circumstances is unknown. His machine continued to be improved and was adapted to work with the Jacquard mechanism to select the pattern.[br]Further ReadingW.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (the main account of the Levers machine).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account of the Levers lace machine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Dawlish (includes an illustration of Levers's machine).RLH -
20 Wyatt, John
[br]b. April 1700 Thickbroom, Weeford, near Lichfield, Englandd. 29 November 1766 Birmingham, England[br]English inventor of machines for making files and rolling lead, and co-constructor of a cotton-spinning machine.[br]John Wyatt was the eldest son of John and Jane Wyatt, who lived in the small village of Thickbroom in the parish of Weeford, near Lichfield. John the younger was educated at Lichfield school and then worked as a carpenter at Thickbroom till 1730. In 1732 he was in Birmingham, engaged by a man named Heely, a gunbarrel forger, who became bankrupt in 1734. Wyatt had invented a machine for making files and sought the help of Lewis Paul to manufacture this commercially.The surviving papers of Paul and Wyatt in Birmingham are mostly undated and show a variety of machines with which they were involved. There was a machine for "making lead hard" which had rollers, and "a Gymcrak of some consequence" probably refers to a machine for boring barrels or the file-making machine. Wyatt is said to have been one of the unsuccessful competitors for the erection of London Bridge in 1736. He invented and perfected the compound-lever weighing machine. He had more success with this: after 1744, machines for weighing up to five tons were set up at Birmingham, Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield and Liverpool. Road construction, bridge building, hydrostatics, canals, water-powered engines and many other schemes received his attention and it is said that he was employed for a time after 1744 by Matthew Boulton.It is certain that in April 1735 Paul and Wyatt were working on their spinning machine and Wyatt was making a model of it in London in 1736, giving up his work in Birmingham. The first patent, in 1738, was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul. It is impossible to know which of these two invented what. This first patent covers a wide variety of descriptions of the vital roller drafting to draw out the fibres, and it is unknown which system was actually used. Paul's carding patent of 1748 and his second spinning patent of 1758 show that he moved away from the system and principles upon which Arkwright built his success. Wyatt and Paul's spinning machines were sufficiently promising for a mill to be set up in 1741 at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, that was powered by two asses. Wyatt was the person responsible for constructing the machinery. Edward Cave established another at Northampton powered by water while later Daniel Bourn built yet another at Leominster. Many others were interested too. The Birmingham mill did not work for long and seems to have been given up in 1743. Wyatt was imprisoned for debt in The Fleet in 1742, and when released in 1743 he tried for a time to run the Birmingham mill and possibly the Northampton one. The one at Leominster burned down in 1754, while the Northampton mill was advertised for sale in 1756. This last mill may have been used again in conjunction with the 1758 patent. It was Wyatt whom Daniel Bourn contacted about a grant for spindles for his Leominster mill in 1748, but this seems to have been Wyatt's last association with the spinning venture.[br]Further ReadingG.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London (French collected many of the Paul and Wyatt papers; these should be read in conjunction with Hills 1970).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (Hills shows that the rollerdrafting system on this spinning machine worked on the wrong principles). A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and of the early mills).E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, although it is now out of date).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a more recent account).W.A.Benton, "John Wyatt and the weighing of heavy loads", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 9 (for a description of Wyatt's weighing machine).RLH
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